怎样通过上下文猜测词义?

发布:佚名   时间:2010-8-5 14:33:00   来源:京翰教育中心   录入:Alice   人气:326
【文字:
        1. Towards evening, there was a threat of rain and the little fish in the pond opened their mouths in the surface of the water like honeycomb. 
  2. The people who survived the earthquake cried bitterly over the bodies of their relatives. 
  3. The pupils assembled in front of the school hall. They came together to listen to the headmaster announce the result of the sports meeting. 
  4. By the end of 1995, more than 60,000 deaf and dumb children had received training in hearing and speaking. 
  在例1中生词threat之后有rain 一词,后一分句是下雨前的明显征兆,所以这个词很容易猜到是“征兆”的意思。 
        例2中的“人们”的亲属死了,这些“人们”还在哭,显然他们在地震中没有遇难,而是survive了,这survive不就是“幸存”的意思吗? 
  例3中的后一句有came together (聚到一起), 这可能就是assemble的解释,显然学生们是“聚集到”学校大厅里听运动会结果的。 
  在例4中,dumb一词跟deaf并列,而对应的接收训练方面有并列的两个内容:hearing和speaking。 deaf需要训练听力,那么需要训练说话能力的dumb,显然是“哑”了。 
  有的生词尤其是新闻报导及科普文体文章中的生词,往往在其后有对该词进行解释说明性的短语或句子。留心阅读就可以断定它们的意思。例如:
  1. The current, flow of electricity, makes the glower hot and thus light is sent out. (current 即flow of electricity“电流”也。) 
  2. From the eighth to the eighteenth century, people wrote with quills. A quill is a bird feather. Most quills were strong goose or swan feathers. (看到后面的解释,quill的意思不就一目了然了吗?) 
        3. The burning of oil produces large amount of carbon dioxide, the most important greenhouse gas. (原来carbon dioxide是组成温室效应的最主要的气体--二氧化碳。)
确实有些单词跟上下文的关系比较松散,这时除了要凭上下文来推断它们的意思外,也不妨借助于构词知识来推断。具体地说就是利用前缀、后缀、词根及合成词的知识来推断。如: 
  1. The thief was sentenced to three months' imprisonment. 
  2. Man differs mostly from all the other animals in their ability to learn and use language. 
  3. Although simplified Chinese characters were accepted for use many years ago, it seems that more and more people like Chinese characters in the complex form. 
  例1中的生词imprisonment中有词根prison,其后是名词词尾-ment,不影响词意。再联系上文中的“……被判三个月”,所以这个词必定跟“坐牢”、“监禁”有关。 
  例2中的生词differ跟different是同根词,搭配也是from,其前有man,其后有animals。从以上的信息中可以断定动词differ是“不同”、“差别” 的意思。 
  例3中的第一个生词simplified跟simple是同根词,带有-ed显然是过去分词形式的形容词。许多年以前我们采用了什么跟“简单”有关的汉字呢?不难想到是“简化的”汉字。了解了这个生词,即有了这个上文,后边的第二个生词complex就好办了,因为很明显它是simplified的反义词,是“繁 体”的意思。 
  运用以上的技巧可以猜测出大多数生词的意思,但是阅读材料浩如烟海,阅读时遇到一些生僻词或无从推断其意思的词是情理之中的。不过练习阅读不应该死抠个别词,除了人名地名等一些专有名词不去细究外,那些一时难以断定其意思又不妨碍理解的生词,大可不去理会。


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